Summary

Did you know?

This species was only first recognized to be present in New York State in 1990. It apparently had been overlooked or in a few cases misidentified by many fine botanists (Zika 1990). The genus name Empetrum comes from the Greek en, which means upon, and petros, which means rock (Fernald 1970). This name alludes to the way this species grows on rocks. The species is named after Dr. edwin herbert Eames (1865-1948) a medical doctor and prolific plant collector from Connecticut and co-founder of the Connecticut Botanical Society. He was the first to observe the distinctive characters of this species. The common name purple crowberry refers to the deep purple color of the fruits and makes reference to the fact that, at least in the arctic where this plant also grows, birds relish the fruits (Waller and DiGregorio 1997).

State Ranking Justification

There are five known populations and one population which was last seen in 1939. The latter population has been searched for without success but further efforts are needed to determine if it is truly extirpated. The known extant populations are restricted to the highest peaks in the Adirondacks and are all within about 5 air miles of each other. All populations are very small and are threatened by trampling from hiker traffic.

Short-term Trends

This species was first recognized to be in the state in 1990. A few mis-identified specimens go back to as early as 1939. All populations are extremely small but no clear short term trends are known.

Long-term Trends

One population is only known from a 1939 collection. A search to this locale was unsuccessful in relocating the population but most of the habitat was not searched and therefore, it is unknown if this population has become extirpated. There are no clear data on long term trends.

Conservation and Management

Threats

At all sites trampling by hikers threatens at least parts of the very small populations. Left unchecked, global climate change is also a threat.

Conservation Strategies and Management Practices

The Summit Steward program which works to inform hikers of the fragile nature of alpine plants is a critical program which is helping to reduce trampling of alpine vegetation. This program and other efforts designed to reduce trampling of alpine meadows are needed.

Research Needs

Since all the populations are small, detailed information on the size of the populations should be gathered on a regular basis to assess the trends of this species. The locale where the one historical population is known from should be more thoroughly searched.

Habitat

Habitat

In New York, this species occurs only on the highest summits of the Adirondacks in alpine meadows often associated with extensive exposed granitic bedrock (New York Natural Heritage Program 2007). Exposed granite rock and gravel (Haines and Vining 1998). Granitic or acidic gravel and sands in other parts of its range and mountains of New England (Fernald 1970).

Associated Ecological Communities

• Open alpine community (guide)
  An open community consisting of a mosaic of sedge/dwarf shrub meadows, dwarf heath shrublands, small boggy depressions, and exposed bedrock covered with lichens and mosses. The open alpine community occurs above timberline (about 4,900 ft or 1,620 m) on the higher mountain summits and exposed ledges of the Adirondacks. The flora includes arctic-alpine species that are restricted (in New York) to these areas, as well as boreal species that occur in forests and bogs at lower elevations. The soils are thin and organic, primarily composed of peat derived from peat mosses (Sphagnum spp.) or black muck. The soils are often saturated because they can be recharged by atmospheric moisture.

Associated Species

• Agrostis mertensii (northern bent)
• Betula cordifolia (mountain paper birch)
• Betula glandulosa (alpine birch, resin birch)
• Carex bigelowii
• Diapensia lapponica var. lapponica
• Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum
• Hierochloe alpinum ssp. orthantha
• Huperzia appressa (mountain firmoss)
• Loiseleuria procumbens
• Prenanthes nana
• Rhododendron groenlandicum (Labrador-tea)
• Rhododendron lapponicum (Lapland rose-bay)
• Salix uva-ursi (bearberry willow)
• Solidago leiocarpa (Cutler's alpine goldenrod)
• Trichophorum caespitosum
• Vaccinium boreale (northern lowbush blueberry)
• Vaccinium uliginosum (bog bilberry)

Range

New York State Distribution

In New York, the species is known from some of the highest peaks in the Adirondacks mostly within a few miles of each other.

Global Distribution

This species occurs from Labrador west to Quebec, Ontario, and Saskatchewan, and south to the high mountains of New England and New York. It also occurs in northeastern Minnesota and northern Michigan (Fernald 1970, Gleason and Cronquist 1991).

Identification Comments

General Description

Purple crowberry is a very low trailing shrub that makes an attractive dense ground cover in the exposed alpine areas where it occurs. Its twigs, at least when young, are covered with dense white hairs that obscure the surface of the twigs. The evergreen leaves are small and needle-like. When first expanding the leaves are hairy and ascending but become more spreading with age. The small and inconspicuous flowers occur in the axils of the leaves. The fruits are about .2 to .5 inches in diameter and purple-black (Fernald 1970, Gleason and Cronquist 1991).

Identifying Characteristics

This species is a woody evergreen. The twigs and branchlets especially when young are densely white-tomentose to white-villose and are not glandular. The leaves are evergreen, entire, and stiff, with long ciliate margins when new. The flowers are mostly bisexual. The drupes are red to purple-black.

Best Life Stage for Proper Identification

This species can be easily identified throughout the year when snow is not covering it, although fruits make identification easier.

Similar Species

The other species of Empetrum (E. nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum) that occurs in New York and can be sympatric with E. eamesii ssp. atropurpureum is superficially very similar. It differs in having twigs and brachlets stipitate glandular, not white-tomentose or white-villous, black drupes, and the new leaves with only a few hairs at the tops of the margins, not along the entire margin like purple crowberry.

Harrimanella hypnoides is another alpine plant that is believed to be extirpated in New York. It perhaps could be mistaken for Empetrum eamesii ssp. atropurpureum when vegetative due to its evergreen needle like leaves. It can be distinguished by its smaller size, its rough margined leaves arising along the entire stem, its lack of dense white hairs on the twigs, and its showy, white, bell-shaped flowers at the tips of the stems that produce dry capsules.

Best Time to See

This plant starts to have fruits in mid-July and these can last into the fall. Therefore, the best time to survey for this species is from mid-July through late October although vegetative plants can be distinguised anytime during the growing season.

Purple Crowberry Images

Empetrum eamesii ssp. atropurpureum specimen at the New York State Museum herbarium.
Stephen M. Young

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Taxonomy

Purple Crowberry
Empetrum atropurpureum Fern. & Wieg.

• Kingdom Plantae
  • Phylum Anthophyta
    • Class Dicotyledoneae (Dicots)
      • Order Ericales
        • Family Empetraceae (Crowberry Family)

Additional Common Names

• Red Crowberry

Synonyms

• Empetrum atropurpureum Fern. & Wieg.
• Empetrum rubrum var. atropurpureum (Fern. & Wieg.) R. Good
• Empetrum rubrum ssp. eamesii (Fern. & Wieg.) R. Good

Comments on the Classification

A. A. Anderberg (1994c) and V. Mirré (2004) found good separation of the red-fruited Southern Hemisphere plants (Empetrum rubrum Vahl ex Willdenow), although Li J. H. et al. (2002) and M. Popp et al. (unpubl.) did not. Nevertheless, we are treating E. rubrum as distinct from all North American taxa. Popp et al. did find that red-fruited, diploid E. eamesii was well separated from other taxa in the region, whereas, in terms of molecular genetics, the Southern Hemisphere red-fruited diploid E. rubrum has its closest connections in the Northern Hemisphere not to E. eamesii but to black-fruited Northern Hemisphere plants treated here as E. nigrum in the broad sense. The solution is to recognize the diploid E. eamesii, the diploid and tetraploid E. nigrum, and E. atropurpureum as a possible allotetraploid from diploid E. eamesii and a diploid E. nigrum. This leaves a great deal of variation within E. nigrum in the broad sense unaccounted for. Various hybrid combinations were alleged by D. Löve (1960); these require confirmation.

Additional Resources

Best Identification Reference

Haines, A. and T.F. Vining. 1998. Flora of Maine, A Manual for Identification of Native and Naturalized Vascular Plants of Maine. V.F.Thomas Co., Bar Harbor, Maine.

Other References

Anderberg, A.A. 1994. Phylogeny of the Empetraceae, with Special Emphasis on Character Evolution in the Genus Empetrum. Systematic Botany 19: 35-46.

Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th edition. D. Van Nostrand, New York. 1632 pp.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2010. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 08. Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxiv + 585 pp.

Gleason, Henry A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 910 pp.

Holmgren, Noel. 1998. The Illustrated Companion to Gleason and Cronquist's Manual. Illustrations of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.

Judd, W.S.and K.A. Kron. 1993. Circumscription of Ericaceae (Ericales) as Determined by Preliminary Cladistic Analyses Based on Morphological, Anatomical, and Embryological Features. Brittonia 45: 99-114.

Li, J., J. Alexander III, T. Ward, P.D. Tredici, and R. Nicholson. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of Empetraceae inferred from sequences of chloroplast gene matK and nuclear ribosomal DNA its region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 306-315.

Mitchell, Richard S. and Gordon C. Tucker. 1997. Revised Checklist of New York State Plants. Contributions to a Flora of New York State. Checklist IV. Bulletin No. 490. New York State Museum. Albany, NY. 400 pp.

New York Natural Heritage Program. 2010. Biotics database. New York Natural Heritage Program. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Albany, NY.

New York Natural Heritage Program. 2023. New York Natural Heritage Program Databases. Albany, NY.

Reschke, Carol. 1990. Ecological communities of New York State. New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Latham, NY. 96 pp. plus xi.

Waller, J. and M.J. DiGregorio. 1997. New England's Mountain Flowers. A High Country Heritage. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana.

Weldy, T. and D. Werier. 2010. New York flora atlas. [S.M. Landry, K.N. Campbell, and L.D. Mabe (original application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research http://www.fccdr.usf.edu/. University of South Florida http://www.usf.edu/]. New York Flora Association http://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/, Albany, New York

Zika, Peter F. 1990. The first records of Gnaphalium sylvaticum (Asteraceae) and Empetrum eamesii ssp. atroputpureum in New York State. Rhodora 92 (871): 120-125.

Links

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• NatureServer Explorer
• USDA Plants Database

About This Guide

Information for this guide was last updated on: January 31, 2008

Please cite this page as:
New York Natural Heritage Program. 2023. Online Conservation Guide for Empetrum atropurpureum. Available from: https://guides.nynhp.org/purple-crowberry/. Accessed March 31, 2023.