Comb-leaved Mermaid Weed Proserpinaca pectinata Lam.

Proserpinaca pecintata's comb-like leaves. Stephen M. Young

Proserpinaca pecintata's comb-like leaves.
Stephen M. Young

Class
Dicotyledoneae (Dicots)
Family
Haloragaceae (Water-Milfoil Family)
State Protection
Threatened
Listed as Threatened by New York State: likely to become Endangered in the foreseeable future. For animals, taking, importation, transportation, or possession is prohibited, except under license or permit. For plants, removal or damage without the consent of the landowner is prohibited.
Federal Protection
Not Listed
State Conservation Status Rank
S2
Imperiled in New York - Very vulnerable to disappearing from New York due to rarity or other factors; typically 6 to 20 populations or locations in New York, very few individuals, very restricted range, few remaining acres (or miles of stream), and/or steep declines.
Global Conservation Status Rank
G5
Secure globally - Common in the world; widespread and abundant (but may be rare in some parts of its range).

Contents

  1. Summary
  2. Conservation and Management
  3. Habitat
  4. Range
  5. Identification Comments
  6. Taxonomy
  7. Additional Resources
  8. About This Guide

Summary

Did you know?

The species name is Latin for comb-like and refers to the appearance of the dissected leaves (Fernald 1950).

State Ranking Justification

There are six existing populations and three of them consist of multiple ponds that are hydrologically connected. Most of the populations are on protected parkland, but they may still be subject to some disturbance. There are two historical populations from the 1920s that have not been resurveyed.

Short-term Trends

Most of the populations have been surveyed at least twice and their short-term trend seems to be stable. However, fluctuating water levels make understanding the exact trend difficult.

Long-term Trends

The long-term trend appears stable as there are as many or even more populations now than were known in the past. This is a result of more detailed surveys in the 1980s and the protection of many of the coastal plain ponds.

Conservation and Management

Threats

Some ponds have seen too much development along the shoreline which threaten populations with direct disturbance by trampling and ATV use. The invasion of Phragmites is also a threat to a few populations.

Conservation Strategies and Management Practices

The pondshores need to be protected from direct disturbance by ATVs and excessive trampling. Exotic invasive species must be prevented from colonizing the shores and present populations must be eliminated. A natural buffer of at least 200 feet should be established around the ponds to prevent excessive runoff and pollution events.

Habitat

Habitat

In New York this plant occurs almost exclusively on coastal plain pondshores. One occurrence occurs in a sedge meadow surrounded by wetland shrubs and another occurs in an artificial pond with a Sphagnum substrate surrounded by a maple swamp (New York Natural Heritage Program 2012). Sandy bogs of the coastal plain (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Peaty or muddy quagmires, savannas and shallow water (Fernald 1950).

Associated Ecological Communities

  • Coastal plain pond* (guide)
    The aquatic community of the permanently flooded portion of a coastal plain pond with seasonally, and annually fluctuating water levels. These are shallow, groundwater-fed ponds that occur in kettle-holes or shallow depressions in the outwash plains south of the terminal moraines of Long Island, and New England. A series of coastal plain ponds are often hydrologically connected, either by groundwater, or sometimes by surface flow in a small coastal plain stream. * probable association but not confirmed.
  • Coastal plain pond shore (guide)
    The gently sloping shore of a coastal plain pond with seasonally and annually fluctuating water levels. Plants growing on the pond shore vary with water levels. In dry years when water levels are low there is often a dense growth of annual sedges, grasses, and herbs. Submerged and floating-leaved aquatic plants, such as fragrant waterlily and pondweeds, may become "stranded" on the exposed shore. In wet years when the water level is high only a few emergents and floating-leaved aquatics may be noticeable. T

Associated Species

  • Coreopsis rosea (pink coreopsis, pink tickseed)
  • Eleocharis robbinsii (Robbins's spike-rush)
  • Gratiola spp.
  • Juncus militaris (bayonet rush)
  • Nymphaea odorata
  • Panicum sp.
  • Rhexia virginica (Virginia meadow-beauty)
  • Rhynchospora capitellata (brownish beak sedge)
  • Rhynchospora macrostachya (tall horned beak sedge)
  • Sagittaria spp.
  • Utricularia spp.

Range

New York State Distribution

Long island and lower Hudson Valley.

Global Distribution

It is most common along the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from southern New Jersey south to northern Florida and west to eastern Texas. Farther north it is rare and scattered from Long Island to southern Maine except for Massachusetts where it is more common. It extends inland in the Southeast to central Tennessee.

Identification Comments

General Description

Comb-leaved mermaid-weed is a short aquatic plant with horizontal stems that root at the base and produce erect branches with leaves that stick out of the water. All of the leaves are deeply lobed into 6-12 narrow segment pairs that give the leaf a comb-like appearance (pinnatisect). The tiny single flowers (sometimes in twos or threes) arise in the axils of the upper leaves and have 3 green triangular sepals that enclose 3 stamens and 3 pinkish, frilly styles. There are no petals. The fruit is bony and ridged, sharply 3-angled with nearly flat sides. It has 3 seeds (Gleason and Cronquist 1991).

Best Life Stage for Proper Identification

The comb-like leaves are the key character for identification, so this plant may be identified whenever it can be found.

Similar Species

The more widespread Proserpinaca palustris, common mermaid-weed, has emersed leaves that are oblong and merely toothed instead of pinnatisect. The submerged leaves are pinnatisect (Gleason and Cronquist 1991).

Best Time to See

Comb-leaved Mermaid-weed emerges in late June and may persist into October.

  • Vegetative

The time of year you would expect to find Comb-leaved Mermaid Weed vegetative in New York.

Comb-leaved Mermaid Weed Images

Taxonomy

Comb-leaved Mermaid Weed
Proserpinaca pectinata Lam.

  • Kingdom Plantae
    • Phylum Anthophyta
      • Class Dicotyledoneae (Dicots)
        • Order Haloragales
          • Family Haloragaceae (Water-Milfoil Family)

Additional Common Names

  • Mermaid-weed

Additional Resources

Best Identification Reference

Crow, Garrett E. and C. Barre Hellquist. 2000. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Northeastern North America: A revised and enlarged edition of Norman C. Fassett's a Manual of Aquatic Plants. Volume One: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms: Dicotyledons. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin. 536 Pages.

Other References

Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th edition. Corrected printing (1970). D. Van Nostrand Company, New York. 1632 pp.

Gleason, Henry A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 910 pp.

Holmgren, Noel. 1998. The Illustrated Companion to Gleason and Cronquist's Manual. Illustrations of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.

New York Natural Heritage Program. 2010. Biotics database. New York Natural Heritage Program. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Albany, NY.

New York Natural Heritage Program. 2023. New York Natural Heritage Program Databases. Albany, NY.

Penskar, M.R. 2009. Special plant abstract for Proserpinaca pectinata (Comb-leaved Mermaid-weed). Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Lansing, MI. 3 pp.

Weldy, T. and D. Werier. 2010. New York flora atlas. [S.M. Landry, K.N. Campbell, and L.D. Mabe (original application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research http://www.fccdr.usf.edu/. University of South Florida http://www.usf.edu/]. New York Flora Association http://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/, Albany, New York

Links

About This Guide

This guide was authored by: Stephen M. Young

Information for this guide was last updated on: September 6, 2012

Please cite this page as:
New York Natural Heritage Program. 2023. Online Conservation Guide for Proserpinaca pectinata. Available from: https://guides.nynhp.org/comb-leaved-mermaid-weed/. Accessed May 29, 2023.

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