Summary

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The Pine Barrens Zanclognatha is found in sandy pitch pine-scrub oak barrens with a pine canopy present. The habitat, when managing for this species, is generally maintained with fire.

State Ranking Justification

This species is locally quite numerous and widespread in the Albany Pine Bush, but it is not found in many places in New York. Some, if not all habitats, require some management which is typically fire.

Short-term Trends

The short-term trends indicate that the populations are stable.

Long-term Trends

The long-term trends indicate that there has been a moderate to substantial decline (decline of 25% to 75%) of populations of this species.

Conservation and Management

Threats

Some of the habitat is protected, but other sites are vulnerable to development. Wildfires, as well as fire suppression, could also be threats.

Conservation Strategies and Management Practices

The habitat for this species is generally fire maintained, but refugia (unburned patches) are always needed since fires consume the litter where all stages apparently occur. This species may prefer less recently burned areas and therefore require more shaded places than most barrens moths.

Research Needs

The precise habitat and food needs are still not well understood. The habitats in Clinton County where this species is reported to occur are very atypical and they are well outside the known range of the species (Dale Schweitzer). Therefore, the identity of the northernmost specimens from Clinton County should be re-verified, as these may be a more northern unnamed species such as the one that passes for Zanclognatha martha in Wisconsin.

Habitat

Habitat

The Pine Barrens Zanclognatha is generally found in inland sandy pitch pine-scrub oak barrens and is usually most numerous where there is substantial leaf litter and a pine canopy, as typical in places that have not burned recently. The species seems to prefer more canopy than almost all other pine barrens specialists. It occasionally turns up in other habitats with pitch pine in adjacent states and might be found in similar habitats in New York. If the Clinton County occurrences are verified as this species, then these habitats are quite unusual for it.

Associated Ecological Communities

• Chestnut oak forest (guide)
  A hardwood forest that occurs on well-drained sites in glaciated portions of the Appalachians, and on the coastal plain. This forest is similar to the Allegheny oak forest; it is distinguished by fewer canopy dominants and a less diverse shrublayer and groundlayer flora. Dominant trees are typically chestnut oak and red oak.
• Pitch pine-heath barrens (guide)
  A shrub-savanna community that occurs on well-drained, sandy or rocky soils. The most abundant tree is pitch pine and the shrublayer is dominated by heath shrubs.
• Pitch pine-oak forest (guide)
  A mixed forest that typically occurs on well-drained, sandy soils of glacial outwash plains or moraines; it also occurs on thin, rocky soils of ridgetops. The dominant trees are pitch pine mixed with one or more of the following oaks: scarlet oak, white oak, red oak, or black oak.
• Pitch pine-oak-heath rocky summit (guide)
  A community that occurs on warm, dry, rocky ridgetops and summits where the bedrock is non-calcareous (such as quartzite, sandstone, or schist), and the soils are more or less acidic. This community is broadly defined and includes examples that may lack pines and are dominated by scrub oak and/or heath shrubs apparently related to fire regime.
• Pitch pine-scrub oak barrens (guide)
  A shrub-savanna community that occurs on well-drained, sandy soils that have developed on sand dunes, glacial till, and outwash plains.
• Sandstone pavement barrens (guide)
  An open canopy woodland that occurs on very shallow soils over sandstone bedrock; this community is best developed where the bedrock is nearly level, thus forming a pavement. The best developed examples are found on Potsdam Sandstone in Clinton County. Large examples often include wetlands, such as perched bogs and inland poor fens.

Range

New York State Distribution

This species occurs from Albany southward, but has not been documented on Long Island. Additional habitat where the species has not been verified is in the Saratoga and Glens Falls sand plains. Some specimens have been identified as this species from farther north (Clinton County), but these should be re-verified. This species would be expected on higher ridgetop pitch pine stands in southeastern New York because it occurs in such habitats in northeastern Pennsylvania.

Global Distribution

This species widely occurs in the Pinelands portion of southern New Jersey, and also locally in inland (not coastal) sand plain pine barrens of New York and New England, north to central New Hampshire and southern Maine, also in eastern Pennsylvania (with pitch pine, but the habitat is varied), southern Ohio, and in the mountains from Virginia to northern Georgia and probably Tennessee. It may occur sometimes with other species of pine in mountains. As far as it is known, various specimens from beyond this range to the north and west have all proven to be members of the Zanclognatha protumnusalis complex. Reports from Wisconsin (and possibly Clinton County in northernmost New York) apparently refer to an unnamed similarly sized, differently colored, earlier flying species.

Best Places to See

• The Albany Pine Bush

Identification Comments

Identifying Characteristics

Compared to most species of the genus, this is a relatively large (25-30 mm), uniformly brownish-gray species with a violet tinge. The forewings and hindwings are about the same color and the outer portion beyond the postmedian line is darker than the basal and median portions of the wings. The dark spot on the forewing varies in intensity. Specimens on which the ground color is not a virtually exact match for those illustrations are some other species. Forbes (1954) also provides a good key, but occasional specimens of the Zanclognatha protumnusalis complex are difficult. They will be browner and not violet tinged but some may approach the size of Z. martha.

Characters Most Useful for Identification

The size and general coloration of the adult are the characters most useful for identification. Rings et al. (1992) contains a very good illustration. If the color and size do not match this illustration exactly, then strongly suspect another species. Zanclognatha martha has a darker base color than similar species (Wagner and McCabe 2011). The distal quarter of the forewing is darkened and there is a weakened subterminal line. The genitalia of Z. martha can also distinguish it from similar species.

Best Life Stage for Proper Identification

Only adults can be identified at present.

Behavior

The adults are nocturnal and are readily collected at either bait or blacklights.

Diet

The larvae apparently feed in leaf and needle litter, but their food in the wild has not been documented. It is possible, but not likely, that they feed either on needles or lichens in pine trees.

Best Time to See

In New York, and throughout much of the range, adults occur mostly from about mid to late July and probably into early August. The more northern unnamed species that sometimes passes for Pine Barrens Zanclognatha west of New York starts in June. A few Z. martha could possibly turn up in late June around Albany in very advanced seasons and the flight season will probably shift to earlier dates in the future. This species does not appear to have a second brood anywhere in its range. The larvae occur from mid-summer to the following June and the pupal stage probably lasts less than a month.

Pine Barrens Zanclognatha Images

Pine Barrens Zanclognatha female http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu

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Taxonomy

Pine Barrens Zanclognatha
Zanclognatha martha Barnes, 1928

• Kingdom Animalia
  • Phylum Arthropoda (Mandibulates)
    • Class Insecta (Insects)
      • Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Skippers, and Moths)
        • Family Erebidae

Additional Resources

References

Allen, T.J., J.P. Brock, and J. Glassberg. 2005. Caterpillars in the field and garden. Oxford University Press, New York. 232 pp.

Brock, J. P., and K. Kaufman. 2003. Butterflies of North America. Kaufman Focus Field Guides, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY 284 pp.

Forbes, W. T. M. 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States, Noctuidae, Part III. Memoir 329. Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. Ithaca, NY.

Gretch, Mark. 1993. Field survey to West Plattsburgh Pine Barrens of July 1, 1993.

McCabe, Timothy L. 1990. Report to the Natural Heritage Program: Results of the 1990 field survey for lepidoptera (especially noctuidae). New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Latham, NY. 38 pp. plus supplements.

New York Natural Heritage Program. 2023. New York Natural Heritage Program Databases. Albany, NY.

Rings, R. W., E. H. Metzler, F. J. Arnold, and D. H. Harris. 1992. The Owlet Moths of Ohio (Order Lepidoptera, family Noctuidae). Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. New Series, Vol. 9, no. 2, vi. + 219 pp., 16 color plates.

Stanton, Edward J. 1995. Field survey to Altona Flat Rock of July 25, 1995.

Stanton, Edward J. 1995. Field survey to Gadway Road Flat Rock of June 26, 1995.

Wagner, D.L. and T.L. McCabe. 2011. A new Zanclognatha from eastern North America and a preliminary key to the larvae of the genus (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Herminiinae). ZooKeys 149: 89–101.

Links

• Google Images
• Moths and Butterflies of Georgia and the Southeastern United States
• NatureServer Explorer

About This Guide

Information for this guide was last updated on: May 12, 2021

Please cite this page as:
New York Natural Heritage Program. 2023. Online Conservation Guide for Zanclognatha martha. Available from: https://guides.nynhp.org/pine-barrens-zanclognatha/. Accessed March 31, 2023.